How to Teach Essay Writing to Elementary Students

How to Teach Essay Writing to Elementary StudentsTeaching an essay is one of the first lessons that all students learn in school. In fact, most teachers do not put much emphasis on it as they are more likely to give homework in school than any other part of the curriculum.There are some differences between learning to write an essay and learning how to read, write, or speak a language, but the main focus is the same, writing things down. A teacher will usually start teaching the students on the basics first, then the more difficult ones after some time.Most students learn at their current year. Most new students learn at the end of the third grade. This means that the whole course of education for them is going to be an average of three years.How can teachers possibly prepare for teaching these elementary students? There are some general rules that should be followed so that the lessons for these elementary students are actually useful.First of all, writing is something that people d o every day. They do not have to be anything special for them to remember things. Therefore, the students should be able to communicate with them easily.The next thing to remember is that the students do not need to be able to memorize things at a college level. What they should be able to remember are things that they are interested in. However, they should not be too much interested in these subjects.To teach essay writing to elementary students, the teachers will start off by preparing the topics for the discussions. When students know what they should talk about, it will be easier for them to find the required knowledge. The topics can also be mentioned in the lesson plans of the class so that the students will not forget them.The next thing to remember is that how to teach essay writing to elementary students is an important subject. It is therefore important to teach the student the basics first so that they can learn how to read and write quickly.

Tips For Taking A UCR Prompt

Tips For Taking A UCR PromptTo find the best advice for taking a UCR prompt, there are many tips that you need to consider. Each college has its own set of rules and regulations, but there are some examples of help that can help you out. It would be a good idea to consult with the institution you are applying to, as they can give you some information regarding the latest tips on the topic.The first thing you need to consider is the score that you are aiming for. There are different ways to get this, depending on your circumstances. You could consider going back to college, or you could choose to apply for some other job or profession. The reason you are having trouble getting through the requirements is probably because of how old you are.The problem is that it's not easy to get your current salary raised and sometimes, it's impossible to get it more. Another option is to go back to school, but then, what if you are just eighteen? Maybe you have to think about changing careers, but i f you are already a student, what can you do?The new job will most likely pay less than your current one. This is something that you have to think about. If you are already considering moving jobs, it's wise to first consider writing an essay. There are many resources that can help you along the way.You should see if the school that you are applying to offers UCR prompts. You can usually check out the faculty member's websites to get a feel for what they are like. But if you are still stuck, there are other options.There are some free tutorials available online that can help you get started on how to write an essay for the UCR prompt. A few websites even have sample essays that you can download and use. There are some guidelines that you need to follow when writing, and there are some things that you might not have thought of before.There are so many resources now available to help you with your essay, that it's unlikely that you will be stuck by a recent schools' lack of help. What are you waiting for?

Plagiarism and the Deterioration of Ethical Values Essay

What comes to ones mind when we think about plagiarism, according to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as ones own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out, plagiarism is not just the act of stealing ones work, it is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue is whether plagiarism is taken serious enough and what the severity of the outcomes are for plagiarizing. Many people assume the obvious that the consequences of plagiarism result in a letter grade deduction on a paper or a complete zero on the assignment. Moreover the real consequence to plagiarizing is the†¦show more content†¦In the data collected by Hard, a drastic 60.6% of students had copied sentences, phrases, paragraphs, tables, figures, or data directly or in slight modification of a book, article, or other academic sou rces without giving proper acknowledgment to the author (Hard). According to this view the main proponent is to statistically illustrate that plagiarizing has become acceptable among most young adults. In sum then the bottom issue is the deteriorated integrity of the student when plagiarism occurs and degenerated ethics that happens to lessen ones morals. The standard views towards plagiarism are obviously seen to carry around a negative stigma, not to many people view plagiarism as a proud action. Why is it that plagiarism now a day is somewhat socially acceptable, but still in our academic culture viewed as cheating and consequently unethical. The Internet is the main breeding ground for plagiarism and the wonderful characteristics of the internet makes plagiarism a lot easier. Ultimately, what is at stake here is that one will plagiarize from the pressure of achievement and sadly the detrimental retribution is the decline of moral philosophy. According to Dordoy 2002 survey, 59% of students plagiarized because they were wanting to get a better grade, conversely 54% plagiarized because of laziness (Hart). The risk of plagiarizing is drastically raised when the consequences are more steep.Show MoreRelatedThe Silent Harm of Plagiarism Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmind when we think about plagiarism, many people may think of theft or the act of stealing intellectual property. According to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary, plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as one’s own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out. Plagiarism is not just the act of stealing one’s work. It is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In the discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue isRead MoreEthics and Technology1492 Words   |  6 Pagesdictate our values, morals and ethics? Accompanied by these questions is the responsibility for us to make decisio ns within the boundary of our ethical standards to negate the negative impacts brought about by the onset of the technological race. While the word ethics has been seen and defined across the centuries, there still is no uniform definition that will describe the word perfectly. In the â€Å"Studies of Christian Ethics Syllabus†, Tardo defines ethics as a set of personal values and principlesRead MoreInvestigation Of Mysql Database And Neo4j Database9876 Words   |  40 Pages Dr. Ãâ€"zgà ¼r Tolga PUSATLI (Çankaya Univ.) Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdà ¼l Kadir GÃâ€"RÃÅ"R (Çankaya Univ.) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fahd Jarad (THK Univ.) STATEMENT OF NON-PLAGIARISM PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. NameRead MoreInvestigation Mysql Database And Neo4j Database9884 Words   |  40 Pages Dr. Ãâ€"zgà ¼r Tolga PUSATLI (Çankaya Univ.) Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdà ¼l Kadir GÃâ€"RÃÅ"R (Çankaya Univ.) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fahd Jarad (THK Univ.) STATEMENT OF NON-PLAGIARISM PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. NameRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPrinted in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PARTRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesin The Guardian 24th December 2003  © Guardian Newspapers Limited; The Scotsman Publications Ltd. for an extract from ‘Great programmes and he made people happy’ by Jason Beattie published in The Scotsman 30th January 2004; ‘Microsoft’s Mission and Values’ used by permission from Microsoft Corporation, is Copyright  © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 U.S.A. All rights reserved; NI Syndication for extracts from ‘Society of the future?’ by Alan Hamilton published

Herd Health Surveillance And Management Health Essay Free Essays

string(210) " The term surveillance is used for the acknowledgment of new or alien diseases, and monitoring is aimed at observing additions in established infection degrees that may signal the return of a disease eruption\." In 1907, the ‘British Royal Commission ‘ proved that childrens were at hazard from bovine TB ( 1 ) . Today this Zoonotic bTB ( caused by M. bovis ) is present worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Herd Health Surveillance And Management Health Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tuberculosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, besides known as ‘Scrofula ‘ , is a menace to public wellness, domestic farm animal, wildlife, and besides to merchandise industry. The position of this disease as a re-emerging zoonotic disease is today of great concern ( 4 ) . The first instance of bovid infection from adult male to cattle was reported by Magnusson in 1937 ( 2, 3 ) . Bovine TB is now classified by OIE as a â€Å" List B † disease. States following the FAO and the OIE recommendation, seek to use appropriate and effectual control measures to halt the visual aspect of new instances of TB ( incidence ) ( 5, 23 ) . This can be hard to accomplish because the infective dosage could be a really low sum of B ( 22 ) . Low incidence As ‘incidence ‘ we understand the sum of new instances happening in a defined period of clip. The chance of developing a specific disease during a specified period of clip is the incidence rate. Incidence rate = new instances in specified period of clip ten factor ( 100,1000aˆÂ ¦ ) Entire population at hazard during the period ‘Low incidence ‘ ( LI ) occurs when new instances emerge in a lower and slower rate than before within a period of clip in the targeted population. Is this low incidence step existent and important adequate to province that bTB is under control and even taking to a possible obliteration? The reply is likely, No. Low incidence might non reflect the existent state of affairs on a national degree. Low incidence of bTB can propose that the disease is by and large non distributing fast, but has a changeless, slow tendency within the cattle population. The incidence could be higher in some portion of the state and really low in others. We need the ‘prevalence ‘ , in order to better understand how TB in a population could be quantified. ‘Prevalence ‘ is the entire figure of bing instances happening at one peculiar clip. : Prevalence = chronic conditions Diseases – count the entire figure of disease persons ‘Prevalence rate’A is the sum of the population who has a disease at a given clip. Prevalence rate = bing instances at the specified point of clip x factor Entire population at hazard during the period ( 15 ) In livestock the disease is profoundly predisposed by farming and managerial factors which are of highest importance. Environmental factors such as carnal carrying denseness, motion between groups, quarantine, the new stock, environmental fortunes ( humidness, temperature, air current, rain seasons ) , lodging, bedclothes, lacrimation, airing, sanitation and nutrient balance besides play critical portion. In diseases outbreaks in animate being groups, usually both clinical and sub clinical instances exist in the group ( Iceberg Concept ) . In those endemic diseases, more of the infections in a group have a sub clinical ( soundless ) presentation ( see figure ) . It is cardinal to place the status in the group in inquiry or the instance categorization ( negative, exposed, fishy, or reactor ) . ( 24 ) There is a group of states like Australia ( 30,31 ) , Poland and others, which has achieved free bTB position using strict methods of surveillance monitoring and control ( 23,41, Apx 1 ) . Others such as EEUU ( 27, 28, 29 ) and Spain, show by and large the moderate but uninterrupted decline of the disease ( 36 ) . Spain has improved the incidence rate. There has besides been a alteration in the prevalence rate of bTB among the carnal population ( 25 ) . This disease can be endemic. Prevalence / Incidence, of b.TB during 1986 – 2006 in Spain. PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE ERRADICACION DE TUBERCULOSIS BOVINA. ANOS 2008-2010.. ( 25 ) Spain – a low incidence state In Spain the prevalence is higher in beef herds and engendering contending bulls ‘ herds than in dairy herds, which may be due to production related differences between these types of herds. Beef herds are kept under more extended conditions, which allow contacts with other herds and wildlife, via communal grazing land ( 4 ) . BTB presence in the wildlife species had been proven as a beginning of infection for house servants animate beings and a threat to endangered species ( 6,8 ) . It seems that species sharing the same ecosystems are conveying the disease. M. bovis has besides been detected in carcases of cervid, hare, wild Sus scrofa, Iberian lynx and fox found in studies of wildlife killed in national Parkss and private estates in cardinal, southern and west of the Iberian Peninsula ( 7, 4 ) . Figure1. Main bovid TB hazard factors classified into animate being, herd and region/country degrees. Worldwide bovine TB hazard factors Vet. Res. ( 2009 ) 40:50aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 4 ) Spain has a control programme in topographic point, at national and regional degree. Harmonizing to their informations about 97 % of the herds are free of bovine TB ( bTB ) ( 18 ) .This was achieved by the application of government trials and slaughter at the national degree. In the Central organisation there is the Ministry of environmental, rural and sea. On the regional degree there are official veterinary services with provincial and territory central offices ( 20,21 ) . REPORT OF THE â€Å" BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS † SUB-GROUP TASK FORCE, Spain, 14-15 November 2007 ( 18 ) Spain as a member province of the EU Commission has its ain Sub-group Task Force, which report back on the advancement of its bTB obliteration programme ( 18 ) . In order to command and forestall eruptions of bTB assorted signifiers of surveillance programmes have been established and information gathered and utilised from findings of these. What is disease surveillance? â€Å" Epidemiologic surveillance is defined as an experimental method based on uninterrupted entering to follow wellness position or hazard factors in a defined population, and peculiarly to observe the visual aspect of pathological procedures and analyze their development over clip and in infinite, with a position to following appropriate control measures â€Å" ( 19 ; Toma et al. , 1991 ) . Surveillance is defined as a ‘mechanism applied to roll up and construe informations on the wellness of carnal population, to accurately depict their wellness position with regard to specific diseases of concern ‘ ( 28 ) . The term surveillance is used for the acknowledgment of new or alien diseases, and monitoring is aimed at observing additions in established infection degrees that may signal the return of a disease eruption. Surveillance programmes are frequently used to integrate both surveillance and monitoring activities ( MOSS ) ( 28 ) .There are really clear definitions in the study of the ISVEE conference, held in Durban. ( 2009 ) Epidemiologic surveillance signifiers portion of descriptive epidemiology because it aims to supply a dependable image of the epidemiological state of affairs sing one or more diseases ( 13 ) . The construct of disease surveillance is shown in Figure 1. ( 26 ) . Surveillance methods Obligatory surveillance: Bovine TB is a countrywide programme disease which requires the declaration of all suspected bTB instances by husbandmans, veterinaries, abattoirs inspectors, and everybody in contact with farm animal. Everyday surveillance: Name inactive surveillance, besides known as ‘scanning ‘ surveillance, is an ongoing observation of the prevailing disease profile of a susceptible population. With the information from this information we can observe any unnatural alterations or emerging diseases and obtain a general image of the disease state of affairs. Active surveillance: Besides called tailored programmes, marks a specific disease or status within a defined population. The presence of the disease can be measured or its absence verified. At first a clear instance definition must be developed. Surveillance is so carried out in structured population-based reviews ( methodical proving at slaughter, random studies, scrutinies for infection in non-symptoms animate beings including wildlife ) or in structured mark surveillance actions ( disease coverage, aiming proving, ante-mortem reviews, research lab probes, lookout elements, field records, farm animal ‘s herds, wildlife disease statistics ) . â€Å" Effectives controls requires an apprehension of the epidemiology of a diseases, including its infections kineticss within house servants every bit good as wildlife populations † ( 32 chapter 8, p. 363 ) . Datas elements Datas are obtained from different beginnings: Findingss in butcheries, in the field, in research research labs, menagerie, ferine animate being keepers, private veterinary patterns and from province veterinary surveillance. There are good definitions in the web of USDA. This site provides wide information on animate being health/disease countries ( 40 ) We can specify the informations by the event under surveillance. The event and the population at hazard ( numerator/denominator ) , have to be mensurable. Then we need to place the beginnings and the information suppliers, based in the appropriated nose count to obtain a existent position of the disease. Data aggregation is a squad undertaking, aggregators and suppliers and everybody else involved participate to accomplish the aims. It is based on hazard appraisal. To be good processs must be focused, systematic, efficient, dependable and economical. The end is to entree concealed pockets of an carnal population, to avoid uncontrolled state of affairss in the hereafter. The chief end here is the obliteration the bTB, and to derive the position of freedom of the disease. In disease surveillance, compulsory and voluntary presentments are common beginnings for informations aggregation. In distant countries with hapless substructure participatory assessments can be a valuable beginning of information. Labs play an of import portion for the proviso of valuable and dependable informations. An active and full functional diagnostic research lab service is hence cardinal for any surveillance activity. Analysis of information is besides performed by the research labs. Here we find two constructs to see, first esthesia, 2nd feasibleness. The threshold of esthesia must be the same in the full trial to hold consistence in the analytical procedure ; the targeted surveillance must be realistic and possible to execute.Once the information is validated it is fed into a centralized database for the entree and distribution to all stakeholders, usually by via an internet interface. The result must be clearly accessible for all parts involved. The usage of epidemiological informations can supply the rating of the disease and its effects. The cyberspace has become an of import tool for the decentralization of informations entry. Appropriate analysis of informations provides a good planetary representation of the state of affairs ( 11,14 ) . Geographic information systems GIS are used to back up this procedure ( 16 ) . Aims of national surveillance Terbium is a notifiable disease worldwide. The OIE provides recommendations in its ‘Terrestrial Animal Health Code ‘ and all facets of surveillance are addressed and recommendations given to follow ( 17 ) .The purpose is to use a national surveillance, monitoring and control system which will help the obliteration of the disease. The chief aims for a national surveillance should be: To gauge the size of the job within the domestic and wildlife carnal population. To observe eruptions in animate beings both farmed and in wildlife population, monitor the class of such eruptions and measure the impact. To place bovid TB in the instance that it is brought to the state. To hold preventative controls and obliteration steps in topographic point on defined carnal populations to mensurate promotion and efficaciousness in the obliteration plan. To hold the capacity to verify disease freedom or low threshold of hazard for trading aims. Decision BTB is a life endangering disease that affects animate beings and worlds likewise. Since its find attempts have been made to track it, to handle the disease and to command its spread with the purpose to finally eliminate it. Despite these attempts bTB is re- looking in an alarming manner amongst animate beings and worlds. Surveillance has become a cardinal component to avoid, proctor and halt the spread of the disease. Some states have been successful in cut downing and keeping its spread, or even eliminating it through effectual surveillance of their house servants and wildlife carnal population. The job is complex, broad stretch and clip consuming. It involves establishments, the husbandmans, the veterinarian services, the regional and governmental administrations ; even environmental factors play an of import portion. There is a demand to organize, on a regional degree every bit much as on a national one. Exchange of information and communicating is needfully combined to guarantee that information is processed and evaluated right, seasonably and used suitably ( 37 ) . Surveillance and effectual control programmes for bTB, adapted to the demands of each state and part, should be implemented and supported by regional, governmental and international organic structures, in a co-ordinated mode. Developing states frequently lack of the necessary installations, and hence need extra support from the developed universe to help their obliteration of this disease. ( 37 ) Epidemiologic Surveillance Systems How to cite Herd Health Surveillance And Management Health Essay, Essay examples

Hells Angles and Deviance Essay Example

Hells Angles and Deviance Paper List three ways in which the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club is deviant. Their vest and patches they wear. They engage in non-conformist behavior including anti-social, unpredictable and criminal behavior. The members of this club would not Join traditional associations. The places they choose to spend their time and the way they conduct themselves. For example they are known to be bar flys and have the tendency to intimidate, scare and bully non club members. . List three ways in which the Hells Angels Motorcycle club s allegedly criminal. The club is often known to be alleged for committing violent crimes, dealing drugs, and trafficking in stolen goods. Extortion and being in the prostitution industry are more allegations. The most common crime that the Hells Angels are accused of is murdering their rivals. It has been said they use grenades, bombs, guns, knives, or whatever deadly weapon they can get their hands on. They are well known to use ball ping hammers being that they are legal and easy to carry while riding a motorcycle. 3. List three ways the members of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club are conformists. Many of the members attend well known community social events. They like to hold fund raisers, go on group road trips, and throw elegant parties in their up-scale living environments. They hold rides for charity such as Toys for Tots. They stick together like family. No matter what chapter you are from you are still a Hells Angel and everyone looks out for one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Hells Angles and Deviance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hells Angles and Deviance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hells Angles and Deviance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Horror Movie Genre - A Deconstruction essays

Horror Movie Genre - A Deconstruction essays "I've always thought that there are great similarities between directing horror and directing comedy. With both, you're building up tension and curiosity. The audience is asking, 'what possibly could the punchline be here?' It's the exploitation of tension and that's what horror is all about. You've got to create a situation that's unbearably tense and the audience knows that something's going to happen. That the guy in the black is suddenly going to leap into the frame. It's a very unifying thing in a cinema" These are the words of Wes Craven, director of the 1984 movie A Nightmare on Elm Street. Some would say he is one of the initiators of the horror/slasher genre that spurned a flurry of unnecessary sequels and myriad clones. Others would say that he helped implement a level of excellence on the teen horror flick that was only ever reached again recently. Horror films are designed to invoke our worst hidden fears and to draw out our human insecurities that lie deep within. Horror effectively focuses on the strange and forbidden side of life that alarms us. They deal with our most basic instincts of fear and survival: our nightmares, our vulnerability, our fear of the unknown, of death and our loss of identity. Whatever force lies behind the horror genre, it simultaneously attracts and repels us. We yearn to see the monster defeated and life return to its stagnant normality whilst we are terrified by the forces of chaos or horror which threaten our peaceful existence. Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho was a groundbreakingly important film. Until then no one ever dreamed of killing off the heroine in the first half-hour of the movie. Rarely nowadays do you see a movie's opening scene without an innocent teen in some sort of peril. Psycho paved the way for Night of the Living Dead which in turn influenced The Texas Chainsaw Massacre which culminated in the "slasher" films finest hour - John Carpenters Halloween. Without Halloween we ...

Ghost Dance, Amerindian Rebellion and Religious Ritual

Ghost Dance, Amerindian Rebellion and Religious Ritual The ghost dance was a religious movement that swept across Native American populations in the West in the late 19th century. What started as a mystical ritual soon became something of a political movement and a symbol of Native American resistance to a way of life imposed by the U.S. government. A Dark Moment in History As the ghost dance spread through western Native American reservations, the federal government moved aggressively to stop the activity. The dancing and the religious teachings associated with it became issues of public concern widely reported in newspapers. As the 1890s began, the emergence of the ghost dance movement was viewed by white Americans as a credible threat. The American public was, by that time, used to the idea that Native Americans had been pacified, moved onto reservations, and essentially converted to living in the style of white farmers or settlers. The efforts to eliminate the practice of ghost dancing on reservations led to heightened tensions which had profound effects. The legendary Sitting Bull was murdered in a violent altercation sparked by the crackdown on ghost dancing. Two weeks later, the confrontations prompted by the ghost dance crackdown led to the infamous Wounded Knee Massacre. The horrific bloodshed at Wounded Knee marked the end of the Plains Indian Wars. The ghost dance movement was effectively ended, though it continued as a religious ritual in some places well into the 20th century. The ghost dance took a place at the end of a long chapter in American history, as it seemed to mark the end of Native American resistance to white rule. Origins of the Ghost Dance The story of the ghost dance began with Wovoka, a member of the Paiute tribe in Nevada. Wovoka, who was born about 1856, was the son of a medicine man. Growing up, Wovoka lived for a time with a family of white Presbyterian farmers, from whom he picked up the habit of reading the Bible every day. Wovoka developed a wide-ranging interest in religions. He was said to be familiar with Mormonism and various religious traditions of native tribes in Nevada and California. In late 1888, he became quite ill with scarlet fever and may have gone into a coma. During his illness, he claimed to have religious visions. The depth of his illness coincided with a solar eclipse on January 1, 1889, which was seen as a special sign. When Wovoka regained his health, he began to preach of knowledge which God had imparted to him. According to Wovoka, a new age would dawn in 1891. The dead of his people would be restored to life. Game which had been hunted nearly to extinction would return. And the white people would vanish and stop afflicting the indigenous peoples. Wovoka also said a ritual dance which had been taught to him in his visions must be practiced by native populations. This ghost  dance, which was similar to traditional round dances, was taught to his followers. Decades earlier, in the late 1860s, during a time of privation among western tribes, there had been a version of the ghost dance which spread through the West. That dance also prophesied positive changes to come to the lives of Native Americans. The earlier ghost dance spread through Nevada and California, but when the prophecies did not come true, the beliefs and accompanying dance rituals were abandoned. However, Wovokas teachings based on his visions took hold throughout  early 1889. His idea quickly spread along travel routes, and became widely known among the western tribes. At the time, the Native American population was demoralized. The nomadic way of life had been curtailed by the U.S. government, forcing the tribes onto reservations.  Wovokas preaching seemed to offer some hope. Representatives of various western tribes began to visit Wovoka to learn about his visions, and especially about what was becoming widely known as the ghost dance. Before long, the ritual was being performed across Native American communities, which were generally located on reservations administered by the federal government. Fear of the Ghost Dance In 1890, the ghost dance had become widespread among the western tribes. The dances became well-attended rituals, generally taking place over a span of four nights and the morning of the fifth day. Among the Sioux, who were led by the legendary Sitting Bull, the dance became extremely popular. The belief took hold that someone wearing a shirt that was worn during the ghost dance would become invulnerable to any injury. Rumors of the ghost dance began to instill fear among white settlers in South Dakota, in the region of the Indian reservation at Pine Ridge. Word began to spread that the Lakota Sioux were finding a fairly dangerous message in Wovokas visions. His talk of a new age without whites began to be seen as a call to eliminate the white settlers from the region. And part of Wovokas vision was that the various tribes would all unite. So the ghost dancers began to be seen as a dangerous movement that could lead to widespread attacks on white settlers across the entire West. The spreading fear of the ghost dance movement was picked up by newspapers, in an era when publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were beginning to champion sensational news. In November 1890, a number of newspaper headlines across America linked the ghost dance to alleged plots against white settlers and U.S. Army troops. An example of how white society viewed the ghost dance appeared in the form of a lengthy story in the New York Times with the subheadline, How the Indians Work Themselves Up to a Fighting Pitch. The article explains how a reporter, led by friendly Indian guides, trekked overland to a Sioux camp. The trip was extremely hazardous, owing to the frenzy of the hostiles. The article described the dance, which the reporter claimed to have observed from a hill overlooking the camp. 182 bucks and squaws participated in the dance, which took place in a large circle around a tree. The reporter described the scene: The dancers held on anothers hands and moved slowly around the tree. They did not raise their feet as high as they do in the sun dance, most of the time it looked as though their ragged moccasins did not leave the ground, and the only idea of dancing the spectators could gain from the motion of the fanatics was the weary bending of the knees. Round and round the dancers went, with their eyes closed and their heads bent toward the ground. The chant was incessant and monotonous. I see my father, I see my mother, I see my brother, I see my sister, was Half Eyes translation of the chant, as the squaw and warrior moved laboriously about the tree.The spectacle was as ghastly as it could be: it showed the Sioux to be insanely religious. The white figures bobbing between pained and naked warriors and the shrill yelping noise of the squaws as they tottered in grim endeavor to outdo the bucks, made a picture in the early morning which has not yet been painted or accurately described. Half Eyes says the dance which the spectators were then witnessing had been going on all night. On the following day the other side of the country, the front-page story A Devilish Plot claimed that Indians on the Pine Ridge reservation planned to hold a ghost dance in a narrow valley. The plotters, the newspaper claimed, would  then lure soldiers into the valley to stop the ghost dance, at which point they would be massacred. In It Looks More Like War, the New York Times claimed that Little Wound, one of the leaders at the Pine Ridge reservation, the great camp of the ghost dancers, asserted that the Indians would defy orders to cease the dancing rituals. The article said the Sioux were choosing their fighting ground, and preparing for a major conflict with the U.S. Army. Role of Sitting Bull Most Americans in the late 1800s were familiar with Sitting Bull, a medicine man of the Hunkpapa Sioux who was closely associated with the Plains Wars of the 1870s. Sitting Bull did not directly participate in the massacre of Custer in 1876, though he was in the vicinity, and his followers attacked Custer and his men. Following the demise of Custer, Sitting Bull led his people into safety in Canada. After being offered amnesty, he eventually returned to the United States in 1881. In the mid-1880s, he toured with Buffalo Bills Wild West Show, alongside performers like Annie Oakley. By 1890, Sitting Bull was back in South Dakota. He became sympathetic to the movement, encouraged young Native Americans to embrace the spirituality espoused by Wovoka, and apparently urged them to take part in the ghost dance rituals. The endorsement of the movement by Sitting Bull did not go unnoticed. As the fear of the ghost dance spread, what appeared to be his involvement only heightened tensions. The federal authorities decided to arrest Sitting Bull, as it was suspected he was about to lead a major uprising among the Sioux. On December 15, 1890, a detachment of U.S. Army troops, along with Native Americans who worked as police officers on a reservation, rode out to where Sitting Bull, his family, and some followers were camped. The soldiers stayed at a distance while the police sought to arrest Sitting Bull. According to news accounts at the time, Sitting Bull was cooperative and agreed to leave with the reservation police, but young Native Americans attacked the police. A shoot-out occurred, and in the gun battle, Sitting Bull was shot and killed. The death of Sitting Bull was major news in the East. The New York Times published a story about the circumstances of his death on its front page, with subheadlines described him as an old medicine man and a wily old plotter. Wounded Knee The ghost dance movement came to a bloody end at the massacre at Wounded Knee on the morning of December 29, 1890. A detachment of the 7th Cavalry approached an encampment of natives led by a chief named Big Foot and demanded that everyone surrender their weapons. Gunfire broke out, and within an hour approximately 300 Native men, women, and children were killed. The treatment of the native peoples and the massacre at Wounded Knee signify a dark episode in American history. After the massacre at Wounded Knee, the ghost dance movement was essentially broken. While some scattered resistance to white rule arose in the following decades, the battles between Native Americans and whites in the West had ended. Resources and Further Reading â€Å"The Death of Sitting Bull.† New York Times, 17 Dec. 1890.â€Å"It Looks More Like War.† New York Times, 23 Nov. 1890.â€Å"The Ghost Dance.† New York Times, 22 Nov. 1890.â€Å"A Devilish Plot.† Los Angeles Herald, 23 Nov. 1890.